The legend of "Eureka" by Archimedes [287-212 BC] can be considered an early record of the use of forensic science. In this case, by examining the principle of water displacement, Archimedes was able to prove that a crown was not made of gold because its density and buoyancy were claimed fraudulently. The earliest use of fingerprints to establish identity is in the 7th century AD. According to the Arab businessman Soleiman, the debtor's fingerprint is posted on the bill and the bill is handed over to the lender. The bill has since been legally recognized as proof of debt validity.
The first written record of the use of medicine and entomology to solve criminal cases was attributed to the book "Xiyuan Records", translated as "reconciliation of injustices", written in Song Dynasty [1186-1249] in China in 1248. In one of the accounts, the case of a person killed by a sickle was resolved by a death investigator who taught everyone to bring their sickle to a place. The flies are attracted by the smell of blood and eventually gather on a sickle. In view of this, the murderer is always confused. The book also provides advice on how to distinguish between drowning [lung water] and strangulation [neck fracture cartilage].
In the sixteenth century Europe, military and university medical practitioners began collecting information about the causes and ways of death. French Army surgeon Ambros Parry systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs. Two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia, laid the foundations of modern pathology by studying changes in body structure caused by disease. In the late 18th century, various works on these subjects began to appear. These include the French physicist Fodéré's "Therapeutics of Medicine and Public Health" and the German medical expert John Peter Frank's "Complete System of Police Medicine."
In 1775, a Swedish chemist named Carl Wilhelm Scheele designed a method for detecting arsenic oxide in cadaver, simple arsenic, but only in large quantities. The survey was expanded in 1806 by the German chemist Valentin Ross and the British chemist James Marsh, who learned to detect poison in the stomach of the victim. He used chemistry. The process confirms arsenic as the cause. He died in the 1836 murder trial.
Two early examples of English court law in individual lawsuits show that logic and procedures are increasingly used in criminal investigations. In 1784, in Lancaster, England, a man named John Toms was tried and convicted for murdering Edward Courshaw with a pistol. When Culshaw's body was examined, the pistol was basically used to hold the powder and the ball of shredded paper in the muzzle, which was found in the wound in his head, with the Toms' pocket. In 1816, in Warwick, England, a farm worker was tried and convicted for murdering a young maid. She was found drowned in a shallow pool and left a trace of violent attacks on her body. After investigation, the police found a wick fabric and impression printed on the wet land near the swimming pool. They also found scattered wheat and chaff from the crime scene. A farmer's breeches, they have been blowing wheat around, after inspection, and then fully meet the impression of the earth near the pool.
Orignal From: History of forensic science
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