The debate about why Macartney failed in 1793 was easy to redu by over-emphasizing that Macartney failed to fulfill China's ritual standards. However, this only explores the bias of the debate by focusing on events and Macartney; this in turn becomes a Westernized perspective and does not have an in-depth understanding of China's geopolitical environment in the eighth century. This argument must take into account Western goals and the goals of the Makatani Embassy to venture into China, and why they conflict with the values and principles of Chinese Confucianism and the consistency of Chinese traditional culture and the Heavenly Empire. As Byng and Levere [1981] speculate, the failure of the embassy indicates that the UK and China's eight-century response to science is fundamentally different; and has a broad cultural implications. This article attempts to explore the debate of the Macartney Embassy in the scientific context of cultural analysis, not just the historical significance of this event, which triggered the character of Macartney and the short-term debate on the refusal to perform the gimmick.
The understanding of culture and science will be the way to present the debate. As Atwell emphasized, on the surface, this failure seems to have hit Macartney's refusal to follow China's agreement... in terms of Chinese imperialism, and the emperor's superior position in the celestial hierarchy. ' #39;. Arthur's argument proves the importance of determining the celestial view of the Qing Empire, Chinese traditional culture and the disinterest and contradictory mentality of the Western barbarians. The resulting argument is that the tasks caused by the cultural conflicts of the two empires are doomed from the beginning of the sunset. However, it is important to retain a comprehensive overview of the two empire backgrounds to be critical to understanding the success of the mission. This argument will take the position that Macartney is destined to fail from the outside, not because he did not reach an agreement or his character, but because at this time in the eighth century, the political and ingrained positions of the two empires were Extremely opposed there are different and contradictory worldviews. In fact, the embassy was rejected before it arrived #39;
First, the rise of the British Empire in the eighth century explained the increasing use and application of the British enlightenment as part of its culture in the country; and the measures to deal with foreign forces to determine how civilized they are compared to British achievements. . The values and principles of the Enlightenment are the values and principles of reason and observation; therefore, the scientific methods were larger during the Enlightenment and extended to the use of countries and fields such as historical inquiry. The British worldview has become more and more scientific, and the explosiveness of science has become larger and larger. The knowledge of the eighteenth century made Britain's confidence in science increasingly strong. The Enlightenment and the promotion of continuous progress and science are concepts that are completely different from China; they are deeply rooted in Confucianism and the pre-ruling worldview of celestial bodies. As Atwell's guess, for the Qing dynasty... people evaluated their level of civilization relative to the perfection of the empire.
For the British, this positioning is related to their level of scientific achievement. The only concept of enlightenment is the awakening of new ideas and methods, new learning and progressive norms, which is reflected in the adoption of industrialization methods in the UK, making Britain the largest empire of the eighth century. On the other hand, the Chinese do not know the scientific and economic progress of power in Britain and Europe. This lack of awareness and attention makes the Makatny debate historically significant and interesting, because it marks The contrast between the two. Civilization, especially as the background of the times. The Chinese do not believe that people outside of heaven will contribute to the greatness of heaven for the greatness of heaven. As the ruler. The Chinese expressed by Gregory are full of confidence and confidence in their world. The theme of these cultural divisions and cultural priority themes was directly at the heart of Macartney's failure to ensure the goals of the British Embassy in 1792. The conflict between these cultural differences and cultural norms is the essence behind the failure of the Macartney Embassy. Because of this, regardless of the success of the gimmick or the lack of gimmicks, Macartney can not successfully establish an embassy.
Another obstacle to the success of Macartney's entrepreneurship is China's deep-rooted Confucianism; these principles have existed in China for centuries and are essentially part of Chinese national identity and cultural life. Enlightenment against the principles and virtues of Confucianism, especially the Emperor's heavenly power supported by Confucianism, as Bayern and Leffer emphasized, according to Confucian theory, the emperor's merits, as the emperor and the universal ruler, will inevitably The barbarian is attracted to his court... to see the advantages of China. The Chinese believe that foreigners are there before they accept the obedience to the Heavenly Empire and accept the hierarchy of universal leaders by contacting their country and the things they provide to the emperor through the court. The Chang-Ku ts-ung-Pien I letter quoted by Byng provides a deep understanding of China's way of thinking about Western motives. The letter comes from Grand Secretiat. The letter was written to the governor of China, and naturally they should be given a request so that they can satisfy their sincerity in their voyage to the civilization in the ocean. The position was collected through a statement of "craving for civilization". The Chinese are people with this kind of civilization, and foreigners are looking for it through the culture of the empire of heaven. However, the British did not view China in this way, they curiously appreciate China, not a superior force. Coincidentally, Macartney would not accept the accepted claim that his king of the king was subordinate to a foreign emperor. The conflict between the British and Chinese worldviews has become a self-conflict. Everyone believes in their own advantages, but the British want to let the Chinese open their diplomacy to accept British power.
In the central world, the Chinese are still introverted and are neither willing nor willing to accept scientific progress in the UK. Separated by the two worlds, the events of Macartney show the disillusionment of the two continents, just as Gillingham quoted Alan Perrett, "the collision of two planets...one celestial body and the moon; the other side down to earth, Business, science and industry. This statement is one of the condescending emotions that represent the nature of China, but accurately reflects the breadth of the cultural divide between the two powers. In addition, the importance of identifying euro-centric accounts. China Culture is important for historical conclusions, because the quotes of Gillingham suggest that the scientific methods used in the West are successful or superior words, not the seemingly negative virtues of China. Time. Another example of a statement by Gillingham, An example of a conflict between a dynamic and advanced society and a traditional, unchanging society, showing the changes in the Westernization of the criteria for success according to the principles of industrialization, illustrating trade and the economy, etc. The Chinese are successful nationalities and cultures. The description is completely different from the UK; the scientific method represents a different methodology and quantification than the Chinese level, because Pritchard Problems early tone with the West exchanges are produced by different practices and ideas of the Chinese people have different and alternative methods of dealing with foreigners; Expanding heaven not embrace interests of the Qing Dynasty.
The trade theme became the predecessor of the problems claimed by the Macartney Embassy after the failure. The United Kingdom trades for economic power and free trade. Although the Chinese do not trade with foreigners for economic gain, they are sympathetic and free trade. Because foreign traders rely on China's tea and silk trade; the UK has accidentally relied on this because of the increased demand. The Chinese have another view of trade; trade is for the country's self-sufficiency rather than excessive indulgence, this method is in line with Confucian values; one method described by Landes is the cultural victoryism cited by Atwell. Combined with a small tyranny, China has become a receiver improver and a bad learner. However, the statement does not reflect an understanding of the eighth century background of Chinese cultural values. China believes that it does not want to change or adapt to the British scientific methodology and social progress paradigm. A more accurate description of Chinese culture will have to cover up the geopolitical pattern of egocentricism and the introversion of the relationship between China and foreigners. As Cramner-Byng pointed out, the "Makatini Embassy" did not successfully penetrate the armor of the cultural superiority represented by the tribute system of the Chinese Empire. This argument reflects the division of culture and the belief that Macartney cannot succeed...
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